Wani rahoton bincike da hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta fitar, ya nuna cewa, adadin masu fama da cutar sankarau a kasar Sin ya kai miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018, kuma yawan masu fama da cutar myopia a tsakanin matasa ya zama na farko a duniya. Kasar Sin ta zama kasa mafi girma a duniya da ke da myopia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2021, adadin myopia ya kai kusan rabin al'ummar kasar. Tare da irin wannan adadi mai yawa na mutanen myopia, yana da matukar mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin ƙwararru masu alaƙa da myopia a kimiyance.
Hanyar myopia
Har yanzu ba a san ainihin cutar ta myopia ba. Don sanya shi a sauƙaƙe, ba mu san dalilin da yasa myopia ke faruwa ba.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da myopia
Bisa ga binciken likitanci da na gani, abin da ya faru na myopia yana shafar abubuwa da yawa kamar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli, kuma yana iya kasancewa da alaka da abubuwa masu zuwa.
1. Myopia yana da wani hali na kwayoyin halitta. Yayin da bincike kan abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halittar myopia ke kara zurfafawa, musamman ma cututtukan cututtuka na da tarihin iyali, a halin yanzu an tabbatar da cewa cutar myopia cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta guda daya, kuma mafi yawan ita ce gadon gado na autosomal. . Sauƙaƙan myopia a halin yanzu an gaji daga abubuwa masu yawa, tare da abubuwan da aka samu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.
2. Dangane da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, abubuwan da suka hada da karatu na dogon lokaci, rashin isasshen haske, dogon lokacin karatu, rubutu mara kyau ko kadan, rashin zaman lafiya, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raguwar ayyukan waje, da karuwar matakin ilimi na iya alaka da su. ci gaban myopia. faruwa mai alaka.
Rarraba bambance-bambancen myopia
Akwai rarrabuwa da yawa na myopia, saboda dalilin farawa, dalilin da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa, girman yanayin myopia, tsawon lokacin myopia, kwanciyar hankali, da ko daidaitawa duk ana iya amfani da su azaman ma'auni.
1. Dangane da matakin myopia:
Ƙananan myopia:kasa da digiri 300 (≤-3.00 D).
Matsakaicin myopia:300 zuwa digiri 600 (-3.00 D ~ -6.00 D).
Myopia:fiye da digiri 600 (> -6.00 D) (wanda ake kira pathological myopia)
2. Bisa ga tsarin refractive (dalili kai tsaye):
(1) Myopia mai juyayi,wanda shine myopia wanda ke haifar da karuwa a cikin karfin karfin ido na ido saboda abubuwan da ba a saba da su ba ko kuma haɗuwa da abubuwan da ba a saba ba yayin da tsayin axial na ido ya zama al'ada. Irin wannan myopia na iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin.
Za'a iya raba myopia mai jujjuyawa zuwa curvature myopia da ma'auni mai raɗaɗi. Na farko an fi haifar da shi ne ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na cornea ko ruwan tabarau, kamar marasa lafiya da keratoconus, ruwan tabarau mai siffar zobe ko ƙananan ruwan tabarau; na karshen yana faruwa ne ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na refractive index of aqueous humor da lens, kamar primary cataract, iris-ciliary jiki kumburi marasa lafiya.
(2) Axial myopia:An kuma raba shi zuwa ga wadanda ba filastik axial myopia da filastik axial myopia. Non-plastic axial myopia yana nufin cewa ikon refractive ido na al'ada ne, amma tsayin gaba da na baya na ƙwallon ido ya zarce iyakar al'ada. Kowane 1mm karuwa a cikin axis na ƙwallon ido yana daidai da karuwar digiri 300 na myopia. Gabaɗaya, diopter na axial myopia bai wuce digiri 600 na myopia ba. Bayan diopter na partial axial myopia ya karu zuwa digiri 600, tsayin axial na ido yana ci gaba da karuwa. Myopia diopter zai iya kaiwa fiye da digiri 1000, kuma a wasu lokuta ma ya kai digiri 2000. Irin wannan myopia ana kiransa progressive high myopia ko nakasar myopia.
Idanun suna da canje-canje iri-iri na cututtukan cututtuka irin su babban myopia, kuma ba za a iya gyara hangen nesa da gamsarwa ba. Wannan nau'in myopia yana da tarihin iyali kuma yana da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta. Har yanzu akwai bege don sarrafawa da farfadowa a cikin yara, amma ba a matsayin babba ba.
Plastic axial myopia kuma ana kiransa filastik gaskiya myopia. Dalilai, irin su rashin bitamin da abubuwan gano abubuwa a lokacin girma da ci gaba na iya haifar da myopia, da kuma myopia da ke haifar da ophthalmia ko cututtuka na jiki. An kuma raba shi zuwa filastik pseudomyopia na wucin gadi, filastik tsaka-tsakin myopia da filastik axial myopia.
(a) Filastik pseudomyopia na wucin gadi:Irin wannan myopia yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci don samuwa fiye da pseudomyopia na wucin gadi. Irin wannan nau'in myopia, kamar madaidaicin pseudomyopia na wucin gadi, na iya komawa ga hangen nesa na yau da kullun cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Daban-daban na myopia suna buƙatar hanyoyin farfadowa daban-daban. Halayen filastik pseudomyopia na wucin gadi: lokacin da aka gyara abubuwan, hangen nesa yana inganta; lokacin da sababbin abubuwa suka taso, myopia yana ci gaba da zurfafawa. Gabaɗaya, akwai kewayon filastik daga digiri 25 zuwa 300.
(b) Filastik matsakaici myopia:Ƙwararren gani ba ya inganta bayan gyara abubuwan, kuma babu wani filastik na gaskiya na myopia wanda ya shimfiɗa axis na gani.
(c) Plastic axial myopia:Lokacin da pseudomyopia na filastik a cikin nau'in axial myopia ya tasowa zuwa filastik na gaskiya myopia, yana da wuya a dawo da hangen nesa. Ana amfani da sabis na horo na dawo da Myopia 1+1, kuma saurin dawowa yana da ɗan jinkiri. Yana buƙatar Lokacin kuma yana da tsayi sosai.
(3) Hadarin myopia:nau'i biyu na farko na myopia suna tare
3. Rarraba bisa ga ci gaban cuta da canje-canje na pathological
(1) Sauƙaƙe myopia:Har ila yau, an san shi da ƙananan myopia, nau'in myopia ne na kowa. Har yanzu ba a fayyace abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta ba. Yawanci yana da alaƙa da babban ƙarfin gani na gani yayin samartaka da haɓakawa. Tare da shekaru da ci gaban jiki, a wani takamaiman shekaru, za su kasance da kwanciyar hankali. Matsayin myopia gabaɗaya ƙasa ne ko matsakaici, myopia yana ci gaba a hankali, kuma hangen nesa da aka gyara yana da kyau.
(3) Cutar sankarau:Har ila yau, an san shi da myopia na ci gaba, yawanci yana da dalilai na kwayoyin halitta. Myopia yana ci gaba da zurfafawa, yana ci gaba da sauri a lokacin samartaka, kuma ƙwallon ido yana ci gaba har yanzu ko da bayan shekaru 20. Ayyukan gani yana da lahani sosai, yana nunawa ta hanyar ƙananan nesa fiye da kusa da hangen nesa, da kuma filin gani mara kyau da kuma bambancin hankali. Tare da rikice-rikice irin su lalatawar ido na baya a cikin ido na baya, ƙananan arc spots, ciwon jini na macular, da staphyloma na baya, cutar ta ci gaba da zurfafawa da tasowa; tasirin gyaran hangen nesa ba shi da kyau a ƙarshen matakan.
4.Classification bisa ga ko akwai wani daidaita karfi da hannu.
(1) Pseudomyopia:Har ila yau, an san shi da myopia na masauki, ana haifar da shi ta hanyar aiki na kusa na dogon lokaci, ƙara yawan nauyin gani, rashin iya shakatawa, tashin hankali na masauki ko spasm. Myopia na iya ɓacewa ta hanyar magani don fadada yara. Duk da haka, an yi imani da cewa irin wannan nau'in myopia shine matakin farko na faruwar myopia da ci gaba.
(2) Gaskiyar myopia:Bayan amfani da ma'aikatan cycloplegic da sauran kwayoyi, digiri na myopia ba ya raguwa ko digiri na myopia yana raguwa da ƙasa da 0.50D.
(3) Mixed myopia:yana nufin diopter na myopia wanda aka rage bayan yin amfani da magungunan cycloplegic da sauran jiyya, amma har yanzu ba a dawo da yanayin rashin lafiya ba.
An bayyana myopia na gaskiya ko na ƙarya dangane da ko daidaitawa ya shiga. Ido na iya zuƙowa da kansu daga nesa zuwa kusa da abubuwa, kuma wannan ikon zuƙowa ya dogara da aikin daidaita idanu. Aikin masauki mara kyau na idanu yana kara kasu kashi zuwa: pseudomyopia na wucin gadi na wucin gadi da kuma myopia na gaskiya.
Accommodative wucin gadi pseudomyopia, da hangen nesa inganta bayan mydriasis, da kuma hangen nesa inganta bayan idanu huta na wani lokaci. A cikin tsaka-tsaki na myopia, saurin gani bayan dilation ba zai iya kaiwa 5.0 ba, axis ido na al'ada ne, kuma gefen ƙwallon ido ba a tsawanta ta zahiri. Ta hanyar haɓaka digiri na myopia daidai ne kawai za a iya samun ƙarfin gani na 5.0.
Accommodative gaskiya myopia. Yana nufin gazawar pseudomyopia na masauki don dawowa cikin lokaci. Wannan yanayin yana daɗe na dogon lokaci, kuma an tsawaita axikin ido don dacewa da wannan yanayin hangen nesa na kusa.
Bayan tsayin axial na ido ya yi tsayi, tsokoki na ciliary na ido suna annashuwa kuma yanayin ruwan tabarau ya dawo daidai. Myopia ya kammala sabon tsarin juyin halitta. Kowane tsayin axial na ido yana ƙara da 1mm. Myopia yana zurfafa da digiri 300. An kafa myopia na gaskiya. Wannan nau'in myopia na gaskiya ya bambanta da ainihin myopia na axial. Irin wannan nau'in myopia na gaskiya kuma yana da yiwuwar farfadowar hangen nesa.
Ƙarin zuwa rarrabuwar myopia
Ya kamata mu sani a nan cewa pseudomyopia ba likita ba ne "myopia" domin wannan "myopia" na iya wanzuwa a cikin kowa, a kowane yanayi na refractive, kuma a kowane lokaci, kuma idanu za su gaji. Myopia da ke bacewa bayan an fadada yara shine pseudomyopia, kuma myopia da ke wanzu shine ainihin myopia.
Axial myopia an rarraba shi bisa dalilin rashin daidaituwa a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na refractive a cikin ido.
Idan ido yana da saurin jujjuyawa, kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban na cikin ido kawai suna jujjuya hasken akan ido. Ga mutanen da ba su da ƙarfi, jimlar ikon refractive kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban a cikin ido da nisa (axis na ido) daga cornea a gaban ido zuwa retina a baya sun dace daidai.
Idan jimillar wutar lantarki ta yi girma ko kuma tazarar ta yi tsayi da yawa, hasken zai faɗo a gaban idon ido yayin kallon nesa, wato myopia. Myopia lalacewa ta hanyar babban refractive ikon ne refractive myopia (wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na corneal, rashin lafiyar ruwan tabarau, cataracts, ciwon sukari, da dai sauransu), da kuma axial myopia wanda ya haifar da elongation na tsayin axial na ido fiye da yanayin emmetropic (nau'in myopia cewa yawancin mutane suna da)).
Yawancin mutane suna tasowa myopia a lokuta daban-daban. Wasu ana haifuwarsu da myopia, wasu kuma a lokacin samartaka ne, wasu kuma sun zama masu balaga. Bisa ga lokacin myopia, ana iya raba shi zuwa myopia na haihuwa (an haifi myopia), myopia na farko (kasa da shekaru 14), marigayi-farko myopia (mai shekaru 16 zuwa 18), da kuma marigayi-farko myopia (bayan baya). girma).
Akwai kuma ko diopter zai canza bayan myopia ya tasowa. Idan diopter bai canza ba fiye da shekaru biyu, yana da kwanciyar hankali. Idan diopter ya kasance mai tsawo a cikin shekaru biyu, yana ci gaba.
Takaitaccen bayanin rabe-raben myopia
A fagen ilimin likitancin ido da ido, akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan myopia da yawa, waɗanda ba za mu gabatar da su ba saboda ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Akwai rarrabuwa da yawa na myopia, waɗanda ba su da sabani. Suna kawai nuna rikitarwa da rashin tabbas na tsarin faruwar myopia da ci gaba. Muna buƙatar bayyanawa da rarrabe nau'ikan myopia daga bangarori daban-daban.
Matsalolin myopia na kowane mutanen mu na tunaninmu dole ne ya zama reshe na nau'in myopia daidai. Babu shakka ba kimiyya ba ne don magana game da rigakafin myopia da sarrafawa ba tare da la'akari da rabe-raben myopia ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-24-2023